ABSTRACT
This study examined the impacts of COVID-19 on changes in route-level transit demand across five transit agencies in the state of Florida. Data for 120 routes from five transit agencies were used to develop two-stage instrumental variable models. Data from January of 2019 to December of 2020 were used in the analysis. Routes that served a greater mix of land-uses experienced a smaller decline in ridership. The impacts of several other land-use variables were, however, not consistent across the five transit agencies. Fare suspension was estimated to have a positive impact on ridership. In contrast, occupancy reduction measures (to promote social distancing within the transit vehicle) had a very strong negative impact on demand. The magnitude of the negative impact of occupancy reduction was larger than the positive impacts of fare suspension. Extending this analysis to a larger set of routes across more agencies would be useful in enhancing the robustness of the findings from our models. Extending our analysis to include data from 2021 and later to capture the recovery phase is also an important direction for future work. © 2022
ABSTRACT
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the world of work has been both devastating and far-reaching. In order to reduce the unemployment rate, it is necessary to increase motivation and incentives to look for a job, to improve readiness for work and help to find a suitable job, as well as to expand employment opportunities. Public employment services have become an important point for jobseekers, giving workers and employers access to a number of passive and active labour market support mechanisms. Active labour market policies are a key tool through which welfare states seek to improve the employment prospects of the unemployed. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the impact of active labour market policies and programs are needed to strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of policies in responding to the needs of different groups. This study analyzes the data obtained from the survey of the unemployed with the aim of finding out how actively the unemployed cooperate with the state employment service and use services offered by it, as well as to reveal the possible shortcomings and shortcomings of this society, so that it is possible to eliminate them and increase the efficiency of this cooperation. © 2022, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. All Rights Reserved.